Stable, durable granules with active substances

专利摘要:
A stable and durable granule for feed compositions having a core, at least one active substance and at least one coating. The active substance in the granule retains at least 50% activity, at least 60% activity, at least 70% activity, at least 80% activity under conditions selected from one or more of a) a feed pelletizing process, b) a steam heated feed pretreatment process, c) storage, d) storage as an ingredient in an unpelleted blend, and e) storing as an ingredient in a feed basic blend or feed blend comprising at least one compound selected from trace minerals, organic acids, reducing sugars, vitamins, choline chloride, and compounds resulting in an acid or an basic feed base mix or feed premix.
公开号:DK201300010U1
申请号:DK201300010U
申请日:2013-01-25
公开日:2013-02-22
发明作者:Nathaniel T Becker；Kathleen A Clarkson；Douglas A Dale；Fryksdale Beth；Mark S Gerbert；Partsuf Michael；Gravesen Troels
申请人:Danisco Us Inc；
IPC主号:

专利说明:

in DK 2013 00010 U1
Stable, durable granules with active substances
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application requires priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 of the U.S. Provisional Application Serial No. 60 / 726,494, filed October 12, 2005.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to stable, durable granules with active substances. Specifically, the invention relates to thermostable, durable granules with active substances, which granules are particularly suitable for use in water vapor treatment processes, including pelleting and tableting processes and steam treatment of feed, without significant loss of activity of the active substance. The stable, durable granules have dissolution profiles suitable for releasing the active ingredient to provide effect for the intended purpose. The activity of the active substances is retained after storage in unpelleted mixtures and steam treatment.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The use of active substances, such as enzymes, in feed is common. Enzymes are known to improve digestibility of feed, reduce feed nutritional factors, and improve animal production. It is known in the industry that acidic and basic feed ingredients and special ingredients in animal feed, including, but not limited to trace minerals, organic or inorganic acids or bases, reducing sugars and hygroscopic substances, especially choline chloride and sodium chloride, adversely affect active substances, such as other vitamins, proteins, antimicrobials, prebiotics, probiotics and enzymes, and it is further known that some feed production processes are harmful to the active substances.
There is a problem in the industry in making protective formulations which make the active substances suitable for storage in unpelleted feed mixtures, such as basic and premixes which may be acidic or basic and contain the ingredients which adversely affect the stability of the active substances. . One mechanism for the adverse effect is mentioned to be oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions occurring between oxidizing and reducing compounds in feed premixes in the presence of water. A study described in BASF Technical Bulletin NU0013 reports that two commercially available enzyme-containing granules retained 86% and 81% activity, respectively, after storage for 3 weeks in a feed premix and 55% and 33% activity, respectively, after storage in the feed premix for 6 weeks. Currently, some manufacturers of enzymes for the feed industry recommend that enzymes be protected with packaging barriers if they are to be stored in premixtures or stored separately from premixtures or only stored in premixtures for a short time.
In addition, many active substances used in food and feed are heat-labile. Thermal stability of enzymes and their ability to survive heat treatment steps in the manufacture of animal feed is a problem in the industry, especially in the production of animal feed pellets. Compared to dry feed mixes, feed pellets have properties that are preferred by the industry, such as improved feed quality, fewer pathogens, lower dust levels during manufacture, good handling properties and more uniform ingredient dosage. Preferred pelleting processes in industry utilize steam injection, in a process called conditioning, where moisture is added and the temperature is raised before the pelletizing step, which then forces the steam-heated feed ingredients, or conditioned mash, through a nozzle. Temperatures in the pelletizing process can be from about 70 ° C to 95 ° C, or higher.
Enzymes are important feed ingredients and must be able to withstand ever-higher processing temperatures used in feed pelleting processes, especially processes using expanders while still delivering in v / Vo action.
Due to the steam, temperature and compression forces used in the pelleting process, the stability of enzymes and other active substances is a problem illustrated by the fact that feed enzymes are often supplied to the industry as stabilized liquid products which are added to the feed pellets after the pelleting process to avoid enzyme activation. Uniform dosing is a problem when the enzyme is used after pelleting, for example by spraying the enzyme on pellets, and the cost of equipment to supply enzyme after pelleting is high. Alternatively, liquid enzyme formulations or dry enzyme mixtures are added to the mixer prior to pelleting. In some cases, higher enzyme levels than necessary may be added to compensate for pelleting loss.
Tablet-forming processes also use compressive forces and heat may or may not be used. Tablets are used in household care industries, for example for laundry, dishwashing and surface cleaning.
There is a need in the food, feed, and household care industries for stable, durable granules with active ingredients for use as components of formulations subjected to steam treatment, for example, pelleting and tableting processes, without significant loss of activity. active substance and with dissolution profiles suitable for releasing the active ingredients to provide effect for the intended purpose. There is also a need for stable, durable granules with active substances that retain their activity when used as constituents in animal feed formulations, such as unpelleted mixtures containing ingredients that damage active substances.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to granules for feed compositions comprising: a core; an active substance; and at least one coating wherein the active substance in the granule retains at least 50% activity, at least 60% activity, at least 70% activity, at least 80% activity under conditions selected from one or more of a) a feed pelletizing process, b) a steam heated feed pretreatment process, c) (d) storage as an ingredient in an unpelleted mixture; (e) storage as an ingredient in a feed base or feed mix comprising at least one compound selected from trace minerals, organic acids, reducing sugars, vitamins, choline chloride, and compounds resulting in a acidic or a basic feed base or feed premix.
In one embodiment of the present invention there is provided an animal feed granule comprising: a core; an active substance wherein the active substance in the granule retains at least 80% activity after storage and after a steam-heated pelleting process, wherein the granule is an ingredient; a moisture barrier coating; and a moisture hydration coating constituting at least 25% w / w of the granule, wherein the granule has a water activity of less than 0.5 prior to the steam heated pelleting process.
In yet another embodiment of the present invention there is provided an animal feeding ingredient comprising: a granule comprising a core; an active substance surrounding the nucleus; and at least one coating surrounding the active substance, wherein the active substance retains at least 50% activity, at least 60% activity at least 70% activity, at least 80% activity under conditions selected from one or more of a) a feed pelletizing process, b) a steam heated feed pretreatment process, c (d) storage as a constituent of an unpelleted mixture, and (e) storage as a constituent of a feed base mixture or a feed premix containing at least one compound selected from trace minerals, organic acids, reducing sugars, vitamins, choline chloride, and compounds resulting in an acidic or a basic feed base or feed premix.
In a method of the present invention for the preparation of a granule comprising an active ingredient feed, the method comprises: producing stable granules with a core, at least one active ingredient; and at least one coating; mixing the stable granules with one or more of a) a diluent, b) a basic mixture, c) a premix, and d) a feed mixture for pelleting.
In another embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a process for producing a stable granule comprising enzyme for storage in a feed premix containing choline chloride, comprising: providing a core material and enzyme wherein the enzyme is distributed throughout the core material or located. in layers on top of the core material; adding a moisture hydrating material to the core material and enzyme to form a layer that is at least 25% w / w of the stable granule; coating the layer with a moisture barrier material to form a coating that is at least 2% w / w of the granule, the application and coating being under conditions selected such that a water activity on the stable granule is less than 0.5.
Stable, durable granules of the above embodiments retain at least 4%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, and at least 95% of the activity of the active substance under steam heated pelletizing or pretreatment processes that increase the temperature of the pelleted material to as high as 85 ° C to about 95 ° C for up to about several minutes. The stable, durable granules of the present invention are particularly useful as constituents of animal feed pellets and as ingredients in household care tablets.
In embodiments of the present invention, stable durable granules include a moisture hydrating material which constitutes at least about 55% w / w of the granule.
In other embodiments of the present invention, a stable durable granule has a moisture hydrating coating comprising at least about 25%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 50%, about 55%, and about 60% w / w of the granule and a moisture barrier coating comprising at least about 2% to about 40% w / w, about 2% to about 10%, about 2% to about 7%, and about 5% to about 15% of the granule.
In embodiments of the present invention, a stable durable granule comprises three protective coatings wherein one coating comprises a moisture hydrating material of about 20% to 25% w / w of the granule and the other two coatings comprise a moisture barrier material of about 5% to about 15% w / w of the granule. In this embodiment, a heat fusion step is used to fuse the moisture barrier material.
In embodiments of the present invention, a stable durable granule comprises a silicate or clay core and an active substance having an inherent thermostability in a matrix; an optional inorganic salt-moisture-hydrating protective coating, and an optional moisture barrier coating. In this embodiment, the optional coatings constitute about 0% to about 15% w / w of the granule.
The present invention further encompasses methods for preparing the stable, durable granules as well as feed pills, pet food, and household care and food tablets containing such stable, durable granules.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides stable, durable granules with active substances that can withstand both high temperatures and compression forces when added to formulations subject, for example, heated steam pretreatments, feed pelleting processes and tableting processes, while having dissolution profiles suitable for releasing active substances. which is capable of providing effect for the intended purpose is retained.
A first aspect of the present invention provides surprisingly stable durable granules with feed active substances that can withstand steam pretreatments and steam heated process temperatures for feed pelleting and compression forces while maintaining dissolution profiles which release active substances to provide active substances. In this embodiment, the granular components are preferably approved for use in feed.
Another aspect of the present invention provides stable, durable granules with enzymes that can withstand steam-heated feed pretreatment and pelletizing process temperatures and compression forces while maintaining solution profiles which release the enzyme to provide in vivo bioavailability effect. In this embodiment, granular components are edible by animals, and preferably also digestible.
A third aspect of the present invention provides stable, durable granules with active ingredients for unpelleted animal feed mixtures, for example premixes. The stable, durable granules retain efficacy when the unpelleted mixture is heat and steam pretreated before feeding to animals or after unpelleted mixture is pelleted. In this aspect of the invention, the active substances retain surprising activity by storage in unpelleted mixtures containing ingredients detrimental to enzyme stability. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, in this aspect of the invention, it is believed that a moisture-hydrating material in the granules acts in combination with a moisture barrier material in the granules to protect the active ingredient from the harmful ingredients in unpelleted mixtures. The moisture-hydrating material delays or reduces the rate or extent of water migration into the active substance region, and the moisture barrier material excludes water. The combination of moisture hydrating material and moisture barrier material provides mechanical stability that further protects the active ingredient in the event that a layer of a moisture barrier material is damaged. Furthermore, in certain embodiments of the present invention, moisture barrier materials are used which oxidize only under extreme conditions, which, in combination with moisture hydrating materials, make the granules chemically stable because it is assumed that redox reactions are reduced during storage of the granules in unpelleted materials.
A fourth aspect of the present invention provides stable, durable granules with active ingredients that can withstand tableting procedures and at the same time maintain dissolution profiles that release the active ingredient to provide effect in household care, such as laundry, washing, and surface cleaning. In this embodiment, granular components may include materials which are not digested by animals, for example, surfactants, zeolites, bleaches, and dyes.
The stable, durable granules of the present invention are spherical or nearly spherical granules, although other forms such as discs, oval, cylindrical and elongated shapes can be used if desired. The granules have one or more protective layers surrounding the active substance.
The granules may be mixed with dry ingredients such as feed or household care or unpelleted feed formulations, for example, premix formulations prior to use in a pelletizing or tableting process, or used in dry feed mixes and non-pelleted meats. The granules are particularly suitable for use in feed pelleting manufacturing processes, and are also suitable for foods, including pet food, and manufacturing processes for the manufacture of household care tablets.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is generally understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. As used in the specification and claims, singular "one" and "one" also include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, the term granule may comprise a number of granules.
For purposes of this specification, the "active substance" may be any material added to a stable, durable granule. The active ingredient may be a biological living material, a food or feed ingredient, an antimicrobial, an antibiotic substitute, a prebiotic, a probiotic, an agrochemical ingredient such as a pesticide, fertilizer or herbicide; a pharmaceutical component or an active household care component or combinations thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the active ingredient is a protein, enzyme, peptide, polypeptide, amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid or oil, vitamin, co-vitamin, or hormone, or combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the active ingredient is an enzyme, bleach, bleach activator, perfume or other biologically active ingredient. Active substances having an inherent thermostability are encompassed by the present invention and exhibit increased thermostability in the granules of the present invention. Alternatively, less coating material may be used in the preparation of granules with active ingredients having an inherent thermostability, and the amounts of protective coating material disclosed herein have been primarily selected for active substances which are not thermostable themselves.
The most preferred active ingredients in food and feed applications are enzymes, peptides and polypeptides, amino acids, antimicrobial agents, intestinal health promoters, vitamins and combinations thereof.
Any enzyme can be used, and a non-limiting list of enzymes includes phytases, xylanases, β-glucanases, phosphatases, proteases, amylases (alpha or beta or glucoamylases) cellulases, lipases, cutinases, oxidases, transferases, reductases, hemicellulases, mannanases, esterases, isomerases, pectinases, lactases, peroxidases, laccases, other redox enzymes and mixtures thereof.
Particularly preferred enzymes include a Trichoderma reesei xylanase and a Trichoderma reesei xylanase variant, both available from Danisco A / S, Denmark, and / or Genencor International, Inc., Palo Alto, California, or the inherent thermostable xylanase described in EP1222256B1, and other xylanases from Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus kawachii, Aspergillus tubigensis, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtilis, Neocallimastix patricianum, Penicillium species, Streptomyces lividans, Treptomyces thermoviolaceus, Streptomyces thermoviolaceus Examples of phytases are Finase L®, a phytase from Aspergillus sp., available from AB Enzymes, Darmstadt, Germany.
TM
Phyzyme XP, a phytase from E. coli, available from Danisco, Copenhagen, Denmark, 7 DK 2013 00010 U1 and other phytases from, for example, the following species: Trichoderma, Penicillium, Fusarium, Buttiauxella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Penicillium, Humicola, Bacillus, and Peniophora.
An example of a cellulase is Multifect® BGL, a cellulase (beta-glucanase) available from Danisco A / S, Denmark, and other cellulases from species such as Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Penicillium, Humicola, Bacillus, Cellulomonas, Penicillium, Thermomonospore, Clostridium, and Hypocrea. The cellulases and endoglucanases described in US20060193897A1 can also be used. For example, amylases may be from species such as Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Penicillium, Bacillus, for example, B. subtilis, B. stearothermophilus, B. lentus, B. licheniformis, B. coagulans, and B. amyloliquefaciens. Suitable fungal amylases come from Aspergillus, such as A. Oryzae and A. niger. Proteases may be from Bacillus, amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and Aspergillus and Trichoderma species.
Phytases, xylanases, phosphatases, proteases, amylases, esterases, redox enzymes, lipases, transferases, cellulases and β-glucanases are enzymes that are often used to form part of animal feed. Enzymes suitable for incorporation into tablets for home care applications are similar, especially proteases, amylases, lipases, hemicellulases, redox enzymes, peroxidases, transferases, and cellulases.
In particularly preferred aspects of the invention, the enzymes are selected from phytases, xylanases, beta-glucanases, amylases, proteases, lipases, esterases and mixtures thereof.
In one embodiment of the present invention, two enzymes, one xylanase and one beta-glucanase, are provided in the granule. The enzymes can be mixed together or applied separately to the granule. In another embodiment, three enzymes, namely beta-glucanase, xylanase and phytase, are provided in the granule.
The above enzyme lists are only examples and are not intended to be exhaustive. Any enzyme can be used in the durable granules of the present invention, including wild type, recombinant and enzyme variants derived from bacteria, fungi, yeasts, plants, insects and animals, as well as acidic, neutral or alkaline enzymes.
It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the amount of enzyme used depends, at least in part, on the type of enzyme and the properties of the enzyme and the intended use.
The durable granules of the invention comprise between about 0.0005 to about 20% on a dry weight basis of the enzyme component of the granule. For example, the weight percent of enzyme in embodiments of the invention comprises at least 0.0005 to about 15%, at least 0.001 to about 15%, at least 0.01 to about 10%, at least 0.1 to about 10%, at least 1.0 to about 10%, at least 1.0 to about 8%, at least 1.0 to about 5%, and at least 2.0 to at least 5% in the granule. Typical doses of 25 to 400 g of the stable, durable enzyme granules per tonne of feed will provide about 0.0001 to about 80 g of active enzyme protein per tonne of feed, and the enzyme granules can be dosed as high as 5000 g per tonne of feed. Doses for other active ingredients are typically 0.001 to about 400 g / tonne of feed, or higher. Dosages may be even higher when the thermostable granules of the present invention are used as a constituent of unpelleted feed mixtures, for example premixes which may contain more active substances and which are added to feed mixtures. For example, the dose of enzyme granules added to a premix may be about 0.2% to 10% of the premix, or about 0.1% to about 3% of a basic mixture. In one example of an embodiment, the activity level of phytase-containing, stable, durable granules is placed in a premix about 500 U / g or higher. Premixtures are typically added to the diet in an amount of about 0.5% to about 2%, and base mixtures are added in an amount of about 2% to about 6%.
The portion of the durable granule without the protective coating (s) of the invention comprising the active ingredient, including solid processing agents, binders and other ingredients therein, may comprise less than about 70% by weight, less than about 60 wt%, less than about 50 wt%, less than 40 wt%, less than about 30 wt%, and less than about 20 wt% of the granule, the wt% being generally about 25% to about 50 % w / w, about 40% to about 60%, or about 50% to about 60%.
Coating layers (s) may comprise more than about 30 wt%, more than about 40 wt%, more than about 50 wt%, more than about 60 wt%, more than about 70 wt% and more than about 80% by weight of the granule, the weight percent generally being about 50% to about 75% w / w, 40% to about 60% or about 40% to about 50%, depending on the type and number of coating layers.
In embodiments utilizing an active ingredient with inherent thermostability, the core may comprise as much as about 85 to about 100% w / w of the granule and the coating may comprise about 0% to about 15% w / w of the granule.
The durable granules of the present invention can be sized as desired and are between about 300 µm to about 1000 µm in diameter, about 300 µm to about 900 µm, about 400 µm to about 800 µm, and about 400 µm to about 600 pm.
For the purposes of this specification, "compressional forces" generally refer to axially applied forces which cause the atoms of a material to compress. Compression forces as used herein occur in pelleting and tableting processes and may comprise an element of pressure flexibility where the forces used are not completely symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis of the material.
An "enzyme or protein with intrinsic thermostability" refers to enzymes and proteins having a melting point above about 60 ° C to about 65 ° C, for example, the enzyme with intrinsic thermostability for granule 28 has, 29 and 30, a melting point of 69 ° C at a pH of 5.5 and a melting point of 72 ° C at a pH of 8.0. For example, a number of the thermolabile enzymes mentioned throughout the specification have a melting point of less than 60 ° C at pH values of 5.5 and 8.0.
"Moisture barrier materials" refers to materials that exclude, prevent or substantially delay water uptake. These materials are typically hydrophobic or amphiphilic, provide insulation against water, and do not absorb and / or even bind water and include, but are not limited to, film-forming materials. Examples of moisture barrier materials include polymers, proteins, lipids, fats and oils, fatty acids and gums. Examples of film-forming moisture barrier materials are natural and modified polymers such as gum arabic, whey, whey protein concentrate, PVA, including modified PVA and synthetic polymers such as latex, HPMC, and acid-diluted hydroxypropyl starch, e.g. PureCote ™, oxidized starch and modified starch. Non-film-forming moisture barrier materials include, for example, waxes, fats, oils and lipids, and lecithin. Selected moisture barrier materials which do not readily oxidize, for example, are latex polymers and polymers such as gum arabic.
"Moisture hydrating materials" refers to materials which absorb aqueous liquids, such as water, by one of several mechanisms. In a first mechanism, the materials absorb free water. In another mechanism, the materials take up bound water, which is usually present as crystalline hydration water. Therefore, the materials may be provided as partially or fully hydrated materials or as non-hydrated materials which will absorb or bind aqueous fluids and retard or reduce the rate or extent of movement of such fluids to the active substance. In a third mechanism, moisture-hydrating materials thermally isolate the active agent by delaying heat transfer to the active substance in the granule and by maintaining the active substance at a lower temperature than the temperature of the outer surface of the granule. Moisturizing materials include carbohydrates and inorganic salts, including hydrated salts such as magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate and ammonium sulfate, maltodextrin, sugars, for example sucrose, and corn starch.
In examples of embodiments of the present invention, moisturizing materials are inorganic salts which, when added to the granule at higher than about 25% w / w, are anhydrous or contain relatively low amounts of bound or free water, so that the water activity of the finished granule is less than 0.5. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory when the granule is subjected to steam heating processes, the moisture-hydrating inorganic salt material will begin to absorb water from the steam-heating treatment, the water moving into the moisture-hydrating material by a kinetic process over a short period of steam treatment, the water is prevented from entering the area of the granule containing the active substance. With a water activity of the granule of less than 0.5, the moisture-hydrating material in these embodiments may constitute as little as 25% w / w of the granule. In embodiments with moisturizing materials that make up about 40-70% w / w of the granule, the thicker layer of moisturizing material allows the use of hydrated or partially hydrated materials, especially inorganic salts. For the purposes of this specification, "hydrated", "partially hydrated" and "non-hydrated" refer to the hydration potential of a material when the granule is in equilibrium before being subjected to steam heating. A "hydrated" material refers to a material containing water in free or bonded form or a combination thereof Water can be added either during or after coating processes and the degree of hydration of the granule is a function of the granular materials and the temperature, humidity and drying conditions under which they are used.
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"Pellets" and "pelleting" refer to solid rounded, spherical and cylindrical tablets or pellets, as well as the processes for forming such solid forms, especially feed pellets and solid extruded animal feed. Known feed processes for feed pelleting generally comprise mixing feed ingredients for about 1 to about 5 minutes, transferring the mixture to a hopper, conveying the mixture to a steam processor, optionally transferring the steam treated mixture to an expander, transferring the mixture to the pelletizer or extruder, and finally transfer of pellets to a pellet cooler. Fairfield, D. 1994. Chapter 10, Pelleting Cost Center. In, Feed Manufacturing Technology IV. (McEllhiney, editor), American Feed Industry Association, Arlington, VA, pp. 110-139.
The vaporizer processes the mixture for about 20 to about 90 seconds and for up to several minutes, at about 85 ° C to about 95 ° C. The amount of steam can vary according to the amount of moisture and the feed temperature of the feed mixture. About 4% to 6% added steam is reported in pelleting processes and the amount is selected to produce less than about 18% water in the mash before pelleting, or up to about 28% moisture in mash intended for extrusion.
An optional expander process takes place for about 4 to about 10 seconds at a temperature in the range of about 100 ° C to about 140 ° C. The pellet milling part of the manufacturing process typically lasts for about 3 to about 5 seconds at a temperature of about 85 ° C to about 95 ° C.
A "stable" granule refers to a granule wherein the activity of the active substance (s) is substantially maintained after its inclusion as an ingredient in a formulation subjected to steam-heated pretreatment processes, steam-heated pelleting processes, steam-heated tableting processes, after storage alone and after storage as an ingredient in unpelleted and unbleached mixtures. Stability includes thermostability, shelf-life and storage stability, mechanical stability and / or chemical stability when granules containing the active substance are stored in unpelleted or unstained mixtures and / or subjected to steam-heated and pressurized pelleting and tableting processes. Mechanical stability refers to the physical robustness or structural integrity of granules, which structural integrity includes resistance to microorganisms, resistance to dust formation, and resistance to release of ingredients that may result in odor formation. Chemical stability essentially refers to the maintenance of activity when the granules are stored in unpelleted or unbleached mixtures together with ingredient (s) harmful to the active substance (s). Thermostability is further defined herein and generally refers to maintaining activity after exposure to temperatures of up to about 85 ° C to 95 ° C when the stable, durable granules are an ingredient in pellets, tablets, and unpelleted and unstained mixtures.
"Tabletting" refers to methods for forming solid augers or tablets by compressing a mixture of ingredients in a tablet press as described in REP 1 257 631B 1, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
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Tablets may be prepared by direct compression tableting of mixtures of active substances, fillers / binders, lubricants and other optional ingredients. The active substance is thoroughly mixed with the other tablet ingredients prior to introduction into the tableting machine. Ingredients are mixed in a suitable mixing device, such as a twin shell mixer or similar apparatus, or by any mixing method resulting in mixing of the ingredients in the tablet.
The blends are then pressed into tablets using a tableting machine such as a tablet press (Stokes Model R-4, Warminster, PA). Tablet presses generally have upper and lower form-fitting pistons that fit into a die from above and below the die. Mixed tablet material is filled into the die cavity and at least one of the pistons, typically the upper piston, is moved into the die cavity. Pressure is applied to both the upper and lower pistons. The movement towards each other of the upper and lower pistons puts pressure on the material between the pistons, thus forming a tablet.
Many different types of tablets can be prepared. Tablet form is determined by the design of the pistons. The compressive forces vary depending on the piston geometry, instrument type, and formulation used. Alternatively, tablets may be prepared using dry or wet granulation as described in US Pat. No. 6,852,336, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference. The 336 patent states that dry granulation procedures can be used when one of the components to be tableted has sufficient cohesive properties. The process mixes the ingredients with a lubricant if required. In the wet granulation procedure, the dry ingredient is mixed using a twin Shell mixer or double cone mixer under shear mixing conditions and then solutions of a binder are added to the mixed powders to obtain a granule.
A "thermostable" granule refers to a granule having an active substance which retains at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, and at least 95% of its activity, measured with a conventional assay specific for the selected active substance, after inclusion in a formulation, and subjected to heat or heat and vapor, so that the formulation reaches temperatures of up to about 85 ° C to about 95 ° C for up to several minutes . Those skilled in the art will recognize that thermostable granules in the formulations subjected to temperatures below 85 ° C are stable and test results performed at 80 ° C determine this to be the case. Therefore, it should be understood that up to 85 ° C to 95 ° C means that temperatures below 85 ° C are included, which is therefore included in the scope of this invention.
In one embodiment, "thermostable" refers to an active substance which retains at least 80% of its activity measured by a conventional assay specific to the selected active ingredient after inclusion in a formulation, exposed to vapor, so that the formulation reaches temperatures of about 85 ° C - 95 ° C for about 30 seconds. In yet another embodiment, thermostable refers to an active substance which retains at least 50% of its activity measured by a conventional method specific to the selected active ingredient after inclusion in a formulation, exposed to steam, so that the formulation reaches temperatures of about 85 ° C - 95 ° C for about 30 seconds.
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"Undeleted mixtures" refers to premixes or precursors, base mixtures, mash and diluents. Premixtures typically contain vitamins and trace minerals. Base blends typically contain foods and feed ingredients such as dicalcium phosphate, limestone, salt and a vitamin and mineral blend, but not cereals and protein ingredients. Diluents include but are not limited to cereals (e.g., wheat flour and rice bran) and clays such as phyllosilicates (magnesium silicate sepiolite, bentonite, kaolin, montmorillonite, hectorite, saponite, beidellite, attapulgite, and stevensite). Clay in feed premixes also act as carriers and fluidizers, or diluents. Mash typically comprises a complete animal diet.
The stable granules of the present invention can be added to these unpelleted mixtures, as well as mash mixtures which can subsequently be treated with steam and / or steam pelleted or dried.
"Water activity", symbolized with aw, refers to the fractional relative humidity in an equilibrium atmosphere with a solid or liquid phase substance, that is, the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor to that found above pure water at the same temperature. In all phases between which the water distribution has reached equilibrium, it is by definition the same. The term "relative humidity" is generally used to describe water in the atmosphere or gas phase in equilibrium with the solid, and is expressed as a percentage, with 100% as the relative humidity of pure water in a closed system. For any water activity, there is a corresponding relative humidity given at% RH = 100 * aw. Water activity can easily be measured by methods known in the art, typically by placing a sample of the material inside a temperature controlled chamber in a water activity meter such as water Activity System Model D2100, available from Rotronic Instrument Corp (Huntington, NY), and allowing the measurement to reach to equilibrium, as shown on the display. The water activity referred to herein is that of the granule itself after application of all coatings.
The preferred water activity for the granules of the present invention, especially when outer polymer coatings are used, is less than 0.5.
The stable, durable granule of the present invention is a granule that can be prepared by any process that results in the application of one or more protective coatings to a core. The active substance may be part of the core of the granule, or may be coated on a core material, and for the purpose of this description, a core refers to all parts of the durable granule except any protective coating applied to the core of the granule.
The core can be prepared by any method known in the art, such as granulation, extrusion, pan coating, spheronization, drum granulation, high shear agglomeration, fluid bed spray coating, crystallization, precipitation and prill processes. Such methods are known in the art and are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,297 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,324,649 (fluid bed treatment system); EP656058B1 and US Pat. No. 454332 (extrusion process); US Pat. No. 6,248,706 (high-shear granulation), and EP804532B1 and US Pat. No. 6.534466 13 DK 2013 00010 U1 (combination processes using a fluid bed core and mix coating) and are all descriptions incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
The protective coatings of the present invention can be used as described in granulation, extrusion, fluid bed and prill processes as set forth above. In addition, the protective coatings can be applied by molding methods, including spinning disk molding methods, as described in WO 03/000625, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
In addition, the method in one embodiment may comprise a heat curing step which heats the granule to above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of a moisture barrier material and then gradually reduces the temperature to cause the barrier material to harden, or become glassy.
GRAINS
The core is the inner core of the granule which, as indicated above, may comprise the active ingredient or the active ingredient can be coated around a core material. Suitable cores for use in the present invention are preferably a hydrating or porous material (i.e., a material which is dispersible or soluble in water) which is of feed quality. The core material should either be dispersed in water (disintegrate when hydrated) or dissolved in water by immersing in a true aqueous solution. Clay (e.g., phyllosilicates bentonite, kaolin, montmorillonite, hectorite, saponite, beidellite, attapulgite, and stevensite, silicate such as sand (sodium silicate), nonpareils and agglomerated potato starch or flour or other sources of starch granules such as wheat, Nonpareils are spherical particles consisting of a seed crystal built on top and rounded to a spherical shape by bonding layers of powder and solutes on the seed crystal into a rotating spherical container. Nonpareils are typically made from a combination of a sugar such as sucrose, and a powder such as corn starch In one embodiment of the present invention, the core is a sodium chloride or sodium sulfate crystal, sometimes referred to as a germ, or a crystal of another inorganic salt. a sucrose crystal.
Particles consisting of inorganic salts and / or sugars and / or small organic molecules can be used as cores of the present invention. Suitable water-soluble ingredients for incorporation into cores include: inorganic salts such as sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, or urea, citric acid, sugars such as sucrose, lactose and the like.
In addition, cores of the present invention may comprise one or more of the following: active substances, food or feed polymers, fillers, plasticizers, fibrous materials, extenders and other compounds known for use in cores. Suitable polymers include polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide, polyvinylpyrrolidine, and carbohydrate polymers (such as starch, amylose, amylopectin, alpha and beta-glucans, pectin, glycogen), including mixtures and derivatives thereof.
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Nuclei used in the Examples include sugar crystals, inorganic salt crystals, corncob cups, clays and silicates.
Suitable fillers useful in the cores include inert materials used to add mass and reduce costs, or used to adjust the intended enzyme activity in the finished granule. Examples of such fillers include, but are not limited to, water-soluble agents such as salts, sugars and water-dispersible agents such as clay, talc, silicate, cellulose and starch, and cellulose and starch derivatives.
Suitable plasticizers useful in the cores of the present invention are low molecular weight organic compounds and are highly specific to the polymer being plasticized. Examples include, but are not limited to, sugars (such as glucose, fructose and sucrose), sugar alcohols (such as sorbitol, xylitol and maltitol and other glycols), polar low molecular weight organic compounds such as urea, or other known plasticizers such as water or plasticizers. of feed quality.
Suitable fiber materials useful in the cores of the present invention include, but are not limited to: cellulose, and cellulose derivatives such as HPMC (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose), CMC (carboxymethylcellulose), HEC (hydroxyethylcellulose).
In one embodiment, particularly for feed applications of the present invention, the core is a water-soluble or dispersible corn cob material or a sugar or salt crystal. In another embodiment particularly suitable for use in detergents, the core is a water-soluble or dispersible sugar or salt crystal or a nonpareil.
Those of skill in the art will recognize that for feed and food applications, the cores (and any polymers, fillers, plasticizers, fiber materials, and extenders) are acceptable for food and / or feed applications. For domestic use, no such restriction is necessary.
The core of the granules of the present invention, including any coating having active substances herein, except protective coatings as described below, preferably comprises less than about 70%, less than 60%, less than 50%, less than about 40%, less than about 30% and less than about 20% w / w of the durable granule.
ACTIVE
The active substance or substances, especially the enzymes described above, are obtained from a fermentation medium which may be a whole medium, lysed medium, or clarified fermentation medium recovered from the fermentation process. The enzyme may be in liquid form, in the form of a slurry, dried, lyophilized or crystalline form, as obtained by extraction processes from fermentation media. The enzyme (s) may optionally be mixed with plasticizers such as carbohydrates and polymers such as modified or natural starch to form a matrix. A non-limiting list of plasticizers includes the sugars glucose, fructose and sucrose, dextrins, PVA, and sugar alcohols such as sorbitol, xylitol and maltitol or any of the plasticizers listed above. Modified starch includes, but is not limited to, corn starch and acid-diluted hydroxypropyl starch, such as PureCote® and oxidized starches. Alternatively, the active substance may be added to the core, or added to both the core and a layer surrounding the core.
PROTECTIVE COATING
The protective coatings of the present invention are generally used as one or more layers around the core, where the active substance is not in itself thermostable. Embodiments include one, two, three or four protective coating layers.
Suitable protective coating materials are polymers, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, fats and oils, fatty acids, inorganic salts and gums and mixtures thereof.
The protective coatings include moisture barrier coatings and moisture hydrate coatings. Moisture barrier coatings function by eliminating moisture, for example, by forming a shell layer which typically does not absorb moisture and prevent or delay the rate of moisture migration into the granule. Moisture hydrating coatings on the granule absorb or bind moisture, either free water or hydrate water, thereby acting by preventing or retarding the extent or rate of transport of external moisture into the granule. Moisture hydrating coatings typically comprise at least about 35% w / w of the granule. The moisture-hydrating materials in the coatings thermally insulate the active substances and will absorb a certain amount of moisture and retain it in the hydrating material without passing it into that portion of the granule containing the active substance. For moisture hydrating coatings of stable, durable granules that do not contain significant amounts of water prior to steam treatment, such coatings may be about 25% w / w of the granule.
Moisture barrier coatings typically include hydrophobic materials such as hydrophobic polymers, for example, PVA, HPMC, acid-diluted hydroxypropyl starch and oxidized starch, proteins, for example whey and whey protein concentrates, lipids, for example, lecithin, fats and oils, fatty acids, latex .g. rubber arabic. Certain moisture barrier coatings, such as PVA and gum arabic, are not readily oxidized and find particular utility in providing chemical stability when the granules of the invention are stored in unpelleted or unbleached mixtures, for example in premixes containing choline chloride. Moisture hydrating coating materials are typically hydrophilic materials such as carbohydrate and inorganic salts, including hydrated salts. Examples of moisture hydrating materials are magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate, maltodextrin, ammonium sulfate, sugars, for example sucrose and natural corn starch.
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Polymers used for the protective coatings are polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene glycol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylates, polyethylene oxides (PEO), polylactic acid, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylpyrrolidones (PVP), cellulose etherate, cellulose ether, , hydrolysates and copolymers thereof, such as acid diluted hydroxypropyl starch such as, Pure Cote ™, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), methylcellulose (MC), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and methylcellulose. Most preferred polymers for the protective coatings are PVA, PVA, as disclosed in U.S. Patents. NO. 6,872,696 and modified cellulose such as methyl cellulose and hydroxylpropyl methyl cellulose, as described in PCT Publication No. WO 99/51210, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Carbohydrates used for the protective coatings are maltodextrin hydroxyl methyl cellulose, modified or natural starches from maize, sorghum, pile root, rice, wheat, rye, barley, oats, potato, yams, tapioca, cassava, sago, and sugars, including sucrose. , solid corn syrups, molasses, glucose, fructose and lactose.
Proteins used for the protective coatings are whey powder, whey protein concentrate, whey protein isolate, caseinates, soy protein concentrate and isolate, zein, albumin and gelatin.
Simple compounds and derived lipids which can be used in protective coatings are waxes (e.g., vegetable, mineral and synthetic such as carnauba, candelilla, beeswax, cerumen, carnauba wax, shellac, paraffin and microcrystalline waxes), lecithin (e.g. and diglycerides), fatty acids (e.g., stearic acid, palmitic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, butyric acid, and arachidonic acid fatty acids and their salts of sodium, potassium, calcium and zinc), and fats and oils (e.g. hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated fats and oils such as soy, corn, cotton seed, sebum, canola and linseed oil). A preferred lipid for the protective coatings is lecithin.
Inorganic salts used for the protective coatings include salts of sulfate, citrate, chloride, carbonate, sulfite, phosphate, phosphonate, and bicarbonate salts of sodium, ammonium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and zinc. Preferred salts are magnesium, sodium and ammonium sulfates.
Gums that can be used in protective coatings include gum arabic, guar gum, agar, tragacanth, karya, locust bean, carrageenan, xanthan gum and alginates.
The protective coatings of the present invention may further include plasticizers, lubricants, pigments and powders such as talc, bentonite, kaolin, corn starch, magnesium silicate, calcium carbonate and chitosan.
Certain embodiments of the present invention typically have a single layer of a moisture-hydrating material which constitutes about at least 55% w / w of the granule. Because the capacity of moisture-hydrating coatings to absorb and bind water is limited, relatively thick single-layer coatings are used.
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Moisturizing material (s) may alternatively be applied in two layers. Other embodiments of the present invention containing protective coatings utilize both moisture hydrating materials and moisture barrier materials. In these embodiments, the amount of moisture hydrating materials may be lower, at least 25% w / w of the granule and the moisture barrier material being about 2% to 25% w / w of the granule. The use of both moisture-hydrating materials and moisture barrier materials combines protective mechanisms and typically reduces costs, especially for moisture barrier materials. Moisture barrier materials, especially film-forming materials, may be subject to mechanical damage, which, if used alone as a thin coating, may result in loss of protection of the active substance. The combination allows the use of less of both materials than would be necessary if the materials were used alone. The combination allows some damage to the moisture barrier layer in the presence of the moisture hydrating material. As discussed above, the combination of materials is particularly suitable to provide chemical stability by maintaining activity when the granules are stored in unpelleted mixtures.
For granules having a thermoset step, the amount of moisture hydrating material can be lowered to about at least 20% w / w of the granule because the fused moisture barrier layer has improved continuity and is less susceptible to mechanical damage.
Methods of the present invention, in addition to the processes described for preparing stable, durable granules, also include mixing the granules with unpelleted feed mixtures and storing the resulting mixtures. Further methods include steam treatment of the resulting mixtures and / or pelletizing the resulting mixtures. Of course, the stable, durable granules of the present invention can also be stored alone and mixed with feed, or pelleted when desired.
The following examples are not intended to be limiting.
EXAMPLES
[0092]. Table 1 below is a list of ingredients and abbreviations used in the following examples
Table 1
Ingredient Name & Product No. Supplier Sucrose Domino Pure Cane Extra Fine Granulated Sugar Tate & Lyle North American Sugars, Baltimore, MD Corn Starch Corn Starch Cargill Foods, Minneapolis, MN MgS04 Magnesium Sulfate Heptahydrate, MgS04 7FI20 (Epsom Salts) PQ Corporation, Berwyn, PA
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Ingredient Name & Product No. Supplier HPMC Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose, Brand Name: METHOCEL Dow Chemical Carnauba Wax Michem Lube 160HS (Carnauba Emulsion, 50% Solids) Michelman Inc. Cincinnati, OH Modified Starch PURE-COTE® Grain Processing Corporation, Muscatine, IA Lecithin ULTRALEC® P Soy Lecithin ADM Corp., Decatur, IL PVA Polyvinyl Alcohol, Elvanol® 51-05 DuPont, Wilmington, DE Sodium Sulfate Sodium Sulfate Anhydrous Cooper Natural, Tulsa, Oklahoma Ammonium Ammonium Sulfate CAS # General Alum & Chemical Corp. sulfate 7783-20-2 Searaport, Maine Talkum NEW 4000 TALC RT Vanderbilt Co., Inc. Norwalk, CT Whey powder PC42010 Leprino Foods, Denver CO Whey protein Proliant instantized whey protein concentrate, # 8010, lot H4212 Hilmar Cheese Company, Hilmar, around (WPC formally sold through Proliant) Flaxseed Oil ASTM Raw Linseed Oil Cargill Industrial Oils, Chicago, IL Maltodextrin Maltodex M150 Grain Processing Corp (GPC) Muscatine, IA Rubber arabic TIC PRETESTED Gun Arabic FT PreHydrated TIC Gums, Belcamp, MD Canola Oil Canola Oil Safeway Latex Aquacoat ECD (Ethyl Cellulose Dispersion 30%) FMC BioPolymer. Philadelphia, PA Sand Sodium Silicate Sigma-Aldrich Chemical Co. Corn cob Ground corn cobs or corn pith ICBP Independence, IA
Table 2 illustrates the composition of a number of examples of stable, durable granules of the present invention and several granules which did not show at least 50% retained activity of the active substance under particular pelletizing conditions.
Table 2
Formulation # 1 * Component% (w / w) dry matter Core material sucrose 35-50 mesh 36.9 Active substance Enzyme 7.4 Sucrose 12.6 Corn starch 12.6 1. Coating Sucrose 10.5 Corn starch 10.5 2. Coating carnuba wax 6.0 3. Coating HPMC 3.5 * Heat curing step
Formulation # 2 Component% (w / w) dry matter Core material sucrose 35-50 mesh 17.5 Active substance Enzyme 3.5 Sucrose 6.0 Corn starch 6.0 1. Coating MgS04 67.0
Formulation # 3 Component% (w / w) dry matter Core material sodium sulfate 16.5 Active substance Enzyme 4.8 Sucrose 4.0 Corn starch 8.0 1. Coating MgS04 66.7
Formulation # 4 Component% (w / w) dry matter Core material sucrose 35-50 mesh 17.5 Active substance Enzyme 3.5 Sucrose 4.0 20 DK 2013 00010 U1
Formulation # 4 Component% (w / w) dry matter Corn starch 8.0 1. Coating maltodextrin 67
Formulation # 5 Component% (w / w) dry matter Core material sodium sulfate 14.8 Active substance Enzyme 2.9 Sucrose 3.3 Corn starch 6.6 1. Coating MgS04 55.6 2. Coating rubber arabic 17.0
Formulation # 6 Component% (w / w) dry substance Core material sodium sulfate Active substance Enzyme 2.9 Sucrose 3.3 Corn starch 6.6 1. Coating MgS04 55.6 2. Coating whey 16.7
Formulation # 7 Component% (w / w) dry matter Core material sodium sulfate 14.8 Active substance Enzyme 2.9 Sucrose 3.3 Corn starch 6.6 1. Coating MgS04 55.6 2. Coating protein concentrate 17.0
Formulation # 8 Component% (w / w) dry matter 21 DK 2013 00010 U1
Formulation # 8 Component% (w / w) dry substance Core material sodium sulfate 13.4 Active substance Enzyme 2.6 Sucrose 3.0 Corn starch 6.0 1. Coating PureCote® starch 15.0 2. Coating lecithin 10.0 3. Coating MgS04 50.0
Formulation # 9 Component% (w / w) dry substance Core material sodium sulfate 9.1 Active substance Enzyme 1.8 Sucrose 2.0 Corn starch 4.1 1. Coating MgS04 83.0
Formulation # 10 (Thermolabile) Component% (w / w) dry matter Core material sucrose 35-50 mesh 26.5 Active substance Enzyme 5.3 Sucrose 9.1 Corn starch 9.1 1. Coating carnauba wax 50
Formulation # 11 Component% (w / w) dry matter Core material sodium sulfate 10.7 Active substance Enzyme 2.1 Sucrose 2.4 Corn starch 4.8 1. Coating PVA 4 Talc 36 22 DK 2013 00010 U1
Formulation # 11 j Component% (w / w) solids 2. Coating MgS04 40 I
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Formulation # 19 Component% (w / w) dry matter Corn starch 0.0 talc 8.0 1. Coating MgS04 66.7
Formulation # 20 Component% (w / w) dry matter Core material sodium sulfate 14.8 Active substance enzyme 2.9 sucrose 3.3 Corn starch 6.6 1. Coating gum arabic 17.0 2. Coating MgS04 55.6
Formulation # 21 (Thermolabile) Component% (w / w) dry matter Core material sucrose 35-50 mesh 51.9 Active substance enzyme 10.4 sucrose 17.7 Corn starch 17.7 1. Coating canola oil 2.2
Formulation # 22 Component% (w / w) dry matter Core material Painted corn flask 17.5 Active substance enzyme 3.5 Sucrose 6.0 Corn starch 6.0 1. Coating MgS04 67
Formulation # 23 Component
Core material sodium sulfate% (w / w) dry matter 31.1 25 DK 2013 00010 U1
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Formulation # 30 27 DK 2013 00010 U1
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Formulation # 33 Component% (w / w) Solids Coating 1 Sodium Sulphate 26.0 Coating 2 PVA 2.5 Talc 4.9
Formulation # 34 Component% (w / w) dry basis Core material Sodium sulfate 54.8 Active substance (2) E enzyme mixture 11.8 Coating 1 26.0 Coating 2 Sodium sulfate 2.5 PVA 4.9 talc
Example 1. Preparation of granules in Table 2.
5
All of the granules in Table 2, except granule number 1, are granules prepared using a fluid bed process as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5324649. In the fluid bed process, the core materials were fluidized in a Vector FL-1 processor (manufactured by Vector Corp, Marion, IA, USA), a Glatt 3, or a Uniglatt 10 processor (both manufactured by Glatt Air Techniques, Binzen, Germany). An enzyme / sugar / starch mixture was spray coated onto the core material. Then, protective coating (s) were sprayed sequentially onto the enzyme layer and dried.
For example, Formulation # 3 granule was prepared as follows: 15 Sodium sulfate crystals screened at -45 / + 140 mesh were loaded into a Glatt 3 top spray fluid bed coating apparatus and fluidized using a heated bed temperature. A xylanase ultrafiltration concentrate from Trichoderma reesei was mixed with corn starch and sucrose and sprayed on the crystals. The solution contained about 33% solids. The final batch weight was 4000 grams.
20
In a vector FL-1 top spray coater, a magnesium sulfate solution, a moisture-hydrating material, was sprayed onto 833 g of the material described above. The bearing temperature was 50 °. The final batch weighed 2500 grams.
Preparation of Granule No. 1 further included a heat-curing step in which the granule was heated to a temperature sufficiently above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the carnauba wax material followed by slow cooling to give a cured, glassy wax layer.
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Example 2: Preparation of mesh samples with granules and pelleting
Three different feed mixtures and pelleting processes were used to prepare pellets with the granules listed in Table 2. Relatively high doses of granules were added to the feed mixtures to optimize activity assays for the remaining active ingredient.
Mill # 1:
Selected granules from Table 2 were mixed with a feed formulation.
The composition of feed mixtures was as follows: 75% (w / w) cornmeal (enriched yellow degerminated cornmeal, no. 50956, General Mills Operations, Minneapolis, MN), and 25% (w / w) soybean meal (Pro Soybean meal, Cargill Oilseed Co., Cedar Rapids, IA).
12 kg of the above feed mix was combined with each of the granule samples (dosed with 5 g / kg feed mix) and mixed in a large Hobart mixer (model D-300T, Troy OH) for 8 minutes. About 150 g of each sample was retained as the mash sample, or unpelleted feed mixture. Each batch was then divided into three 4 kg subbatches, and pelleted into triple pellet production series.
The pelletizer used was a CPM model CL5 (California Pellet Miil Co, Crawfordsville, IN). The temperature of the steam processor was controlled by the amount of steam injected at 1.36 atm. The processing temperature of the mesh, measured immediately before the input matrix of the pelletizer, was adjusted to 89-90 ° C. Temperature measurement was performed with a thermometer and a "J" type thermocouple (Omega Engineering, Inc. Stamford, CT). The residence time in the therapist was about 5 seconds. Matrix dimensions were 12.7 cm inside diameter, 17.8 cm outside diameter, 4.7 mm hole diameter. The pelletizer was run continuously and the samples were processed sequentially in the apparatus and separated by running about 2 kg of a cornmeal / soy mixture between the samples. About 1 minute after the sample was added to the treater and the treatment temperature had stabilized at the target temperature, pellets were collected over a 30 second interval so that about 1 kg of pellets could be collected for each sample. The collected pellets were kept under ambient conditions for 30 seconds and then cooled with an air cooler for 2-3 minutes to room temperature.
Mill # 2:
Prepared durable granules from Table 2 were pelleted with a corn and soy feed formulation. The exact composition of the feed mixture was as follows, 61.2% (w / w) corn flour, 31.6% (w / w) soybean meal, 3.0% meat and bone meal, 2.5% soybean oil, 1.3% limestone, 0.28% salt, and 0.08% methionine.
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For each granule tested, 370 to 2000 g of the granule, depending on enzyme type and activity, were combined with 450 kg of the feed without oil and mixed in a plow mixer for 2 minutes. Then soybean oil was added and the sample was mixed for some additional minutes. The pelletizer was a Master model manufactured by California Pellet Miil. The diameter of the pellet die hole was 4.5 mm. The typical feed rate was 780 kg per hour. The temperature of the steam processor was controlled manually and was measured at the feed outlet of the processor. Two treatment temperatures, 85 ° C and 95 ° C, were used. The residence time in the therapist was about 30 seconds. Once the target temperature was reached, the system was run for about 5 minutes before sampling took place. Samples of about 5 kg of pelleted feed were taken and cooled by spreading on screening trays.
Mill No. 3:
The prepared durable granules were pelleted with a wheat and soy feed formulation or a wheat and barley formulation. The composition of the feed formulation was either 60% wheat, 31.5% soybean meal, 4% soybean oil, 1.5% dicalcium phosphate, 1.23% vitamin-mineral premix, 1.2% limestone, 0.4% salt and 0.2% DL methoinine, or 60% wheat, 30% barley, using two treatment temperatures, 90 ° C and 95 ° C. For each granule tested, 200 to 500 grams of granules, depending on enzyme type and activity, were combined with 160 kg of the feed and mixed in a horizontal auger mixer, for about 15 minutes. The pelletizer was a Simon Heesen, mono roller type, equipped with a 17.3 cm internal diameter die, with a 3 mm pellet hole diameter. The die speed was 500 rpm and was powered by a 7.5 kW motor. The typical feed rate was 300 kg per hour. The temperature of the steam processor was maintained at +/- 0.1 degrees Celsius, as measured by the feed output from the processor. The processor contained a cascade type mixer system. Three treatment temperatures, 85 ° C, 90 ° C and 95 ° C, were used. The vapor inlet pressure was 2 atm and the temperature of the processor was controlled by manually adjusting three valves which regulate the vapor. The residence time in the therapist was about 30 seconds. Once the target temperature was reached, the system was run for about 5 to 10 minutes before sampling took place. Samples were sampled for 1-1.5 minute periods, equivalent to 5-7.5 kg of pelleted feed, and were immediately placed in a cooling box with a perforated bottom and air flow of 1500 cubic meters per hour. After cooling for 15 minutes, the samples were reduced twice using a sample divider and 1 kg was taken for laboratory samples.
EXAMPLE 3: ENZYMO ACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS
Determination of enzyme activity
To determine the enzyme activity after pelleting, mash and pelleted were ground for 30 seconds in a kitchen coffee grinder (model 203-42, Krups North America Inc., Medford MA), and analyzed for enzyme activity as described below. . Alternatively, the samples were ground in a ZM-200 centrifuge mill, equipped with a 1 mm sieve (Retsch GmbH, Germany).
Calculation of percent retained activity:
For each test sample, both mash and the corresponding pelleted samples were analyzed for activity. Percentage retained activity was calculated as follows: activity in pellets x 100% retained activity = ------------------------------ activity in the gut
The phytase enzyme assay was performed according to AOAC (Association of Analytical Chemists) Official Method 2000,12, as described in "Determination of phytase activity in feed by a colorimetric enzymatic method: collaborative interlaboratory study". Engelen AJ, van der Heeft FC, Randsdorp PH, Somers WA, Schaefer J, van der Vat BJ. J AOAC Int. 2001 May-Jun; 84 (3): 629-33. Briefly, the ground samples were extracted into 220 mM sodium acetate trihydrate, 68.4 mM calcium chloride dihydrate, 0.01% Tween 20, pH 5.5. Then the supernatant was analyzed. The assay measures the release of inorganic phosphate from rice phytate, at pH 5.5 for 60 minutes at 37 ° C. The assay is stopped with acidic molybdate / vanadate reagent and phosphate is quantified by the intensity of the yellow-colored vanadomolybdophosphorus complex.
The xylanase enzyme assay was performed using the Xylanase Assay Kit (Xylazyme AX Format), Cat No .: K-XYLS Megazyme International Ireland Ltd, Wicklow, Ireland. Materials for the assay include 16 x 125 mm disposable glass culture tubes, extraction buffer: 100 mM MES sodium salt, pH 6.0, assay buffer: 25 mM
sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.0; stop solution: 20 g NaPO4l2H2O in 1 liter MilliQ water, Polystyrene Tissue Culture Flasks, 225 ml (Corning Incorporated - Life Sciences Big Fleet, New York). 6-12 g of milled feed are extracted in 120 ml of extraction buffer in a culture flask, for 1 hour at 20-25 ° C, with shaking on an orbital gel shaker set at 100 rpm. Samples are then centrifuged at 2000 g for 1 minute and the supernatant analyzed. For the assay, 20 to 100 µl of the feed supernatant is diluted to 500 µl with assay buffer in culture tubes and equilibrated in a water bath at 40 ° C for 10 minutes. Then, a substrate tablet is placed in each culture tube and the samples incubated for an additional 10 minutes at 40 ° C. Then add 10 ml of stop solution to each tube. The samples are briefly vortexed and then filtered through Whatman # 1 filter paper. The absorbance of the filtrate is determined by a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 590 nm. The spectrophotometer is first reset with a blank, prepared by combining 20 to 100 µl of the feed supernatant, 500 µl of assay buffer and 10 ml of stop solution. Then, a substrate tablet is added, followed by vortex processing and filtration in the same way as for the samples. Interference from some feed components 32 DK 2013 00010 U1 may affect the analysis response. To correct for any interference, standard curves with feed background were made. Uncoated xylanase granules were added to the mesh blind sample, and to multi-level pellet blind samples. The spiked mesh and pellet samples were then ground and extracted exactly as described above. From this series of extracts, standard curves for both mash and pellets were made.
The beta-glucanase enzyme assay was performed using a beta-glucanase assay kit (Beta-Glucazyme Tablet format). Cat No .: T-BGZ200, Megazyme. International Ireland Ltd, Wicklow, Ireland. Materials for the assay include 16 x 125 mm disposable glass culture tubes, extraction buffer, and assay buffer: 25 mM sodium acetate buffer; stop solution: 2% NaPO4l2H20 in 1 liter MilliQ water, 140 ml glass beaker. 10 g of ground feed was extracted into 100 ml of extraction buffer by mixing in a beaker for 1 hour at 20-25 ° C. Then, samples are centrifuged at 2000 g for 1 min and the supernatant analyzed. For the assay, 20 to 100 µl of the feed supernatant is diluted to 500 µl with assay buffer in culture tubes and equilibrated in a water bath at 40 ° C for 10 minutes. Then, place a substrate tablet in each culture tube and incubate the samples for an additional 10 minutes at 40 ° C. Then add 10 ml of stop solution to each tube. The samples are briefly vortexed and then filtered through Whatman # 1 filter paper. The absorbance of the filtrate is determined by a spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 590 nm. The spectrophotometer is first reset with a blank, prepared by combining 20 to 100 µl of the feed supernatant, 500 µl of assay buffer, and 10 ml of stop solution. Then a substrate tablet is added, followed by vortex processing and filtration in the same way as for the samples. A standard curve is prepared by analyzing an enzyme row diluted to appropriate levels in assay buffer.
RESULTS FOR MAINTAINED ENZYM ACTIVITY
[0106]
Table 3: Pelletizing results - percentage retained activity after pelletizing
Formulation Mill # 1, 90 ° C Mill # 2, 3 or 4 at 85-95 ° C 10 <30% xylanase 12 <30% xylanase 13 <30% xylanase 14 <30% xylanase 15 <30% xylanase 16 <30 % xylanase 21 <30% xylanase 25 <30% xylanase 1> 50% xylanase 2> 50% xylanase 3> 70% xylanase> 70% xylanase 5> 50% xylanase,> 70% e. coli> 50% xylanase,> 80% E. coli phytase 33 DK 2013 00010 U1
Formulation Mill # 1, 90 ° C Mill # 2, 3 or 4 at 85-95 ° C phytase 6> 50% xylanase 7> 50% xylanase 9> 50% xylanase 11> phytase> 50% xylanase,> 70% Aspergillus phytase 30> 60% thermostable xylanase 22> 50% xylanase 23> 60% E. coli phytase> 50% xylanase,> 80% E. coli phytase 27> 50% xylanase> 80% E. coli phytase 33> 90 % BGL,> 70% thermostable xylanase 4> 70% xylanase 8> 70% xylanase 17> 70% xylanase 18> 70% xylanase 19> 70% xylanase 20> 70% xylanase 26> 70% xylanase> 90% e. phytase 28> 90% BGL,> 90% thermostable xylanase 29> 70% BGL,> 90% thermostable xylanase 31> 90% E. coli phytase 32> 90% E. coli phytase
The pelleting apparatus used can be divided into two groups. Mill # 1 is a laboratory scale mill that is much harsher than what is typically used in commercial 5 practices. The harshness is attributed to the large amount of steam delivered to a relatively small amount of mash, combined with the fact that the feed mix does not contain oil, which typically lubricates the feed during the trip through the die. Mills # 2 to # 4 are considered to be more representative of commercial conditions.
The retained activities of the tested granules are shown in Table 3. Granules of the present invention which are not considered to be stable, durable granules were numbers 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21 and 25, all of which showed less than 30% retained activity. These granules have a core coated with an enzyme matrix layer in which the coated core is greater than about 50% w / w of the entire granule. Most of these non-stable granules had only a protective coating layer with a moisture barrier material such as carnauba wax or ethyl cellulose, or HPMC, or canola oil. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, and recognizing that these granules may exhibit more than 50% retained activity from the active substance at 70-85 ° C, it may have poor thermostability of these granules under these test conditions, relative to stable, durable granules are due to the provision of coating materials as relatively thin layers, comprising, in five examples, about 2.0 to about 17.0% w / w of the granule and / or the particular coating material used. For example, granule number 10 has a single layer of coating material which is 50% w / w moisture barrier material (carnauba wax) and granule number 25 has two moisture barrier protective coating layers which together make up 32% w / w of the granule.
Particularly stable, durable granules of the present invention were numbers 4, 8, 17, 18, 19, 20, 26, 28, 29, 31 and 32, all having more than 70% retained xylanase activity when pelleted at about 90 ° C for about 5 seconds. In addition, granules 26, 31 and 32 showed more than 90% retained phytase activity when pelleted at between 85 ° C and 95 ° C for about 30 seconds. Granules 28 and 29 showed more than 90% retained activity of an xylanase with inherent thermostability in the enzyme mixture and 70% -90% retained activity of a thermolabile beta-glucanase when pelleted at between 85 ° C and 95 ° C for 30 seconds. . These stable, durable granules with an active substance which are not thermostable in themselves are either: 1) coated with a single thick protective layer with a moisture-hydrating material, or 2) coated with 2-3 protective layers, wherein at least one of the layers is a moisture hydration material and a layer is a moisture barrier material.
Generally, when moisturizing materials are applied as a single layer, the coating should comprise from at least about 55% of the granule to provide adequate thermal protection and when the amount of moisture hydrating material is lowered to less than 55% using a single layer. , the percentage of retained activity dropped below 50%. However, when moisturizing materials are used in combination with moisture barrier materials, the protective water hydrating layer may be lowered to at least about 25% w / w of the granule, while the moisture barrier material may be about 2% to 40% w / w of the granule.
Other stable, durable granules of the present invention were numbers 1,2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 22, 23, 27, 30 and 33, all of which showed more than 50% retained xylanase or phytase activity when pelleted at 90 ° C for 5 seconds or at 85 ° C to 95 ° C for 30 seconds. As can be seen from these results, outer or inner coatings with inorganic salt alone provide good protection of the enzyme and improved protection when combined with moisture barrier coatings. As previously noted, granule number 1 was prepared using a heat-curing process step, and it is believed that adding a heat-curing step improves the barrier properties of the moisture barrier materials such as polymers, proteins and lipids, thereby increasing the amount of moisture hydrating material necessary to provide thermostability. can be reduced. When a granule otherwise identical to granule # 1 was prepared without heat curing, the retained activity was 35%. Granules 2, 3, and 22 show that different core materials can be used without compromising granule stability.
Granule 3 showed more than 70% retained enzyme activity at time periods of both 5 seconds and 30 seconds in the pelleting process. Granule 11 showed more than 50% retained xylanase activity when pelleted at 85 ° C to 95 ° C for about 30 seconds, and more than 70% retained phytase activity when pelleted at 85 ° C to 95 ° C for about 30 seconds. . Granule # 23 showed more than 60% retained activity of phytase when pelleted for 5 seconds at 90 ° C, more than 50% retained activity of xylanase when pelleted at 85 ° C to 95 ° C for 30 seconds, and more than 80% retained phytase activity when pelleted at 85 ° C to 95 ° C for 30 seconds.
EXAMPLE 4: DIRECT VAPOR TEST
100 g portions of mash consisting of 75% corn flour and 25% soy were dosed with granules containing E. coli phytase at a content of 1.25 g granule per 1 kg of mash. Mesh samples were then wrapped in a bag of cheesecloth and steamed for 20 seconds by placing the bags in a 30 psi vapor supply funnel at the bottom of the hopper. After steaming, the samples were cooled to room temperature, allowed to dry overnight, and then analyzed for phytase activity. The percentage retained activity of the steamed samples relative to unheated mash was reported.
A granule that was not considered suitably steam resistant under these test conditions was number # 25, which had less than 35% retained activity after steaming. Numbers # 5 and # 23 were stable, durable granules of the present invention which had more than 50% retained activity after steaming.
EXAMPLE 5: TEST FOR BIOS AVAILABILITY OF PELLET GRANULES
The stable, durable granules of the present invention can be tested for bioavailability of the active substance, the enzyme, using known bioavailability studies such as the phytase bioavailability study described in WO 00/47060, bioavailability studies described in Enzymes in Animal Nutrition, Proceedings of the 1 st Symposium, Kartause Ittingen, Switzerland, October 13.016, 1993; the bioavailability studies described in Chemgens patents.
Stable granules of the present invention were evaluated after pelletizing to determine bioavailability in broiler chickens fed a commercial feed.
Materials and methods
Tested enzymes and granules and feed applications included Phyzyme®XP (6-36 DK 2013 00010 U1 phytase, EC 3.1,3.26) enzyme alone and both PVA coated and gum arabic (GA) coated stable granules of the present invention containing Phyzyme XP enzyme. (See Table 4). The enzymes and granules tested were fed to broiler chickens in either a mesh feed or a feed containing pellets (prepared at 90 ° C). The experimental feed was: positive control (commercial feed), negative control, negative control +500 U / kg Phyzyme®XP, negative control +500 U / kg PVA-coated phytase, negative control +500 U / kg GA-coated phytase, negative control +500 U / kg PVA-coated phytase pelleted at 90 ° C, and a negative control +500 U / kg GA-coated phytase pelleted at 90 ° C. With the exception of calcium and phosphorus, all the feed was isocaloric and isonitrogenic. (See Table 6). Calcium and available phosphorus in the positive and negative feed controls were respectively. 0.90% and 0.78% and 0.37% and 0.26%. Titanium dioxide (0.10%) was added to the feed as an indigestible marker to help estimate nutrient digestibility. The experimental feed was manufactured by ADAS Gleadthorpe according to a commercial specification and stored on ADAS Gleadthorpe and stored under refrigeration. Samples of enzyme additive mixtures (25 g), cereals (250 g), soybean meal (250 g) and a sample of all feed (250 g) were sent to Danisco Animal Nutrition Feed Services, Edwin Rahrs Vej 38, DK-8220 Brabrand, Denmark. All feed samples were analyzed for phytase before feeding.
Experimental Animals and Design: The chickens were Ross 308 male broiler chickens aged 0 to 21 days using eight identical fowls per treatment with 30 birds per fowl. Chickens were placed randomly in boxes before weighing and distributed randomly in the treatment farms. Each farm contains a feeding tube and the birds had free access to water via drinking nipples (4 per cage) and feed at all times. The height of the drinking nipples was adjusted regularly to have the same height as the top of the back of the birds. Bedding was provided in the form of clean wood shavings at a depth of 5 cm. The house was heated by a hot air incubator system and the incubator temperature control was 31 ° C for the daytime, and decreased by 1 ° C every other day until 21 ° C was reached on day 21. The minimum ventilation rate was automatically calculated to deliver 1.9x104 m3 of air per second per kg0.75 body weight and this speed was provided by a 610mm fan controlled by a Farm-Ex Diacam control panel. The lighting program was 23 hours light and 1 hour dark. The light intensity was reduced from the maximum achievable for daytime (40-60 lux) to an intensity of about 10 lux for 10 days old. Relative humidity was monitored on a daily basis using a Tinytalk © computer logger. Chickens were vaccinated with IB H120 & 50% Avinue (ND) at the hatchery.
Feed intake / body weight Feed consumption was measured between 0 and 21 days. The feed in each chicken yard was measured by weighing the amount of feed remaining at the end of the period and subtracting it from the quantity offered. The birds were weighed in their chicken farm groups when they were old. By day 21, all the birds in all the chicken farms were weighed in groups. The total weight of all the birds in each chicken yard was determined and the mean calculated. All birds that died were weighed and the details recorded and any lambs 37 DK 2013 00010 U1 birds or birds that cannot reach feed and water were filtered out from the study and the reason for the sorting was noted.
shin ash
At the age of 21 days, 2 birds from each fowl were killed by decapitation and the left leg was removed. The tibia was cut out and the bone sent to Eurofin's laboratories, Woodthorne, Wolverhampton for ashes on the basis of a plot. All data were analyzed using standard linear models method according to SAS (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, MC). Where significant differences were found, the Duncan test was used to compare the individual treatment agents.
Results and discussion
Phytase activity analyzed in the experimental feed was, respectively. <50, <50, 563, 467, 558 RTD / kg (PVA-coated phytase), and 554 and 440 (GA-coated phytase), for positive control, negative control, negative control + 500 E / kg Phyzyme®XP, negative control + 500 U / kg PVA-coated phytase and GA-coated phytase, and negative control + 500 U / kg PVA-coated phytase and GA-coated phytase pelleted at 90 ° C (Table 5), indicating that the activity of both PVA-coated phytase and GA-coated phytase were not destroyed after granulation at 90 ° C.
Birds fed with feed supplemented with 500 U / kg PVA-coated phytase and GA-coated phytase, pelleted at 90 ° C, weighed more on day 21 than birds fed the positive control, negative control and negative control + 500 U / kg Phyzyme®XP feed (Table 7). Birds fed negative control feed consumed less feed than birds fed a feed supplemented with 500 U / kg PVA-coated phytase and GA-coated phytase, pelleted at 90 ° C (Table 8). Birds fed with mouse feed supplemented with 500 U / kg Phyzyme® and PVA-coated phytase and GA-coated phytase showed no statistical differences for the positive control. Those fed feed supplemented with 500 U / kg PVA-coated phytase and GA-coated phytase, pelleted at 90 ° C, had better feed utilization on day 21 than birds fed negative control, + 500 U / kg Phyzyme®XP - and positive control feed (Table 9). Shamrock was lowest for birds fed negative control feed compared to all other treatments. Birds fed positive control and phytase supplemented feed had similar tibia (Table 10).
The phytase tested, either as Phyzyme®XP or coated with PVA or GA, behaved as well as the positive control feed when fed as a mash.
When PVA or GA-coated phytase was added to commercial feed pelleted at 90 ° C, the product was retained at the non-pelleted level and the results were at least as good as or better than that of the positive control feed. The results show that coating of enzyme with PVA or GA improves its thermostability at a pelletizing temperature of 90 ° C without losing bioefficiency in broiler fed commercial feed.
38 DK 2013 00010 U1
Table 4 feed treatments | Feed Treatment Enzyme, U / kg Inclusion (g / T) Positive Control 0, Feedmeal 0 I Negative Control 0, Feedmeal 0 Phyzyme XP | Feeder 500 U / kg Phyzyme XP, feeder 100 PVA coated feeder 500 U / kg PVA coated phytase, feeder 100 PVA coated pellet feed 500 U / kg PVA coated phytase (pelletized at 90 ° C) 100 GA coated feeder 500 U / kg GA-coated phytase, feed mix 100 GA coated pellet diet 500 U / kg GA-coated phytase (pelleted at 90 ° C) 100
Table 5 phytase activity in experimental feed
Feed Treatment Expected Observed Observed,% RTD / kg Positive control, mash <50 <50 - Negative control, mash <50 <50 - Phyzyme XP, feed mash 500 563 112.6 PVA coated, feed mash 500 467 93.4 PVA coated, pelleted at 90 ° C 500 558 111.6 GA coated, lining GA coated, pelleted at 90 ° C 500 440 88.0
Table 6 experimental feed
Ingredients:% Positive control Negative control Corn 58.56 59.49 Soybean meal -48 34.65 34.55 Soybean oil 2.82 2.48 Salt 0.30 0.30 Sodium bicarbonate 0.20 0.20 Dicalcium phosphate 1.59 0, 83] Lime 0.95 1.12 39 DK 2013 00010 U1
Ingredients:% Positive control Negative control Vitamin premix 0.50 0.50 Lysine-HCl 0.10 0.10 DL-Methionine 0.23 0.23 Titanium dioxide 0.10 0.10 Enzyme premix carrier (maize) 0 0.10 Nutrient composition Crude protein,% 21.68 21.68 Poultry, marketable energy, MJ / kg 12.8 12.8 Calcium,% 0.90 0.78 Phosphorus,% 0.67 0.54 Available phosphorus,% 0.37 0, 26 Methionine + Cystine,% 0.92 0.92 Methionine,% 0.56 0.56 Lysine,% 1.25 1.25 Threonine,% 0.82 0.82 Tryptophan,% 0.25 0.25
Table 7 Initial and final body weight of broilers fed experimental feed
Feed treatment Body weight, g Day 0 Day 21 Positive control, mash 44.43 789b Negative control, mash 43.55 680d 500 U / kg Phyzyme XP, mash 43.72 753c 500 U / kg PVA-coated phytase, mash 43.75 740c 500 U / kg GA-coated phytase, mash 500U / kgPVA-coated phytase, pelleted at 90 ° C 43.70 899a 500 U / kg GA-coated phytase, pelleted at 90 ° C 43.67 934a Standard deviation of agent difference 0.261 (PVA) 6.015 (PVA) 0.228 (GA) 7.741 (GA) P value 0.165 (PVA) <0.001 (PVA) 0.053 (GA) <0.001 (GA) Different superscripts in the same column indicate significant differences 40 DK 2013 00010 U1
Table 8 Total feed intake of broilers fed experimental feed
Feed treatment Feed intake (g / bird / day) Positive control, mash 56.69b Negative control, mash 46.00a 500 U / kg Phyzyme XP, mash 59.03b 500 U / kg PVA-coated phytase, mash 56.70b 500 U / kg of PVA-coated phytase, pelleted at 90 ° C 57-18b 500 U / kg GA-coated phytase, pelleted at 90 ° C 64.33b Standard deviation of difference between agents 2,321 (PVA) 2,260 (GA) P-value 0.004 (PVA ) 0.001 (GA) Different superscripts in the same column indicate significant differences
Table 9 Feed conversion ratios for broilers fed experimental feed
Feed treatment Feed ratio Positive control, mash L617ab Negative control, mash 1, 548ab 500 U / kg Phyzyme XP, mash 1,752a 500 U / kg PVA-coated phytase, mash 1,715a 500 U / kg PVA-coated phytase, pelleted at 90 ° C 1,412b 500 U / kg GA-coated phytase, pelleted at 90 ° C 1,537 Standard deviation of agent difference 0.715 (PVA) 0.069 (GA) P value 0.016 (PVA) 0.061 (GA) Different superscripts in the same column indicate significant differences
Table 10 Sham contents in broilers fed experimental feed | Feed treatment Sham contents (g / 100g) j Positive control, mash 14.03b | Negative control, mash 10.86a 41 GB 2013 00010 U1 | Feeding treatment Shark ash content (g / 1Og) | 500 U / kg Phyzyme XP, 13.33b | 500 U / kgPVA-coated phytase, 13,24b 1500 U / kg PVA-coated phytase pelleted at 90 ° C 13.50b | 500 U / kg GA-coated phytase, pelleted at 90 ° C 13.84a [standard deviation of mean difference 0.403 (PVA) 0.302 (GA) jp value <0.001 (PVA) <0.001 (GA) [Different superscripts in the same column indicates significant differences
EXAMPLE 6: ENZYME PREPARATION & PELLETATING STABILITY
Phytases containing granules prepared according to the formulations in Table 2 with either a PVA or gum arabic coating and a moisturizing hydration coating were mixed with clay sepiolite or a standard vitamin-mineral premix for broilers with and without choline chloride. The mixing ratio was 100 grams of granules added with 900 grams of clay (sepiolite) or 100 grams of granules added with 500 grams of vitamin-mineral premix. Samples were stored in sealed containers at 35 ° C for 3 weeks, and then subjected to 10 pelleting as described above for Mill # 3. The experimental control was granules which were not stored in a premix and held at ambient conditions for 3 weeks. .
Tables 11 and 12 show percent retained phytase activity in these mixtures after granulation at 90 ° C and 95 ° C. Granules mixed with sepiolite or vitamin-mineral mixtures were found to have significant retained activity after pelleting.
Table 11 PVA Formulation Examples Granules Pre-mixing Percent retained activity after pelleting relative to mash Percent increase in retained activity relative to control granules CD ooo 95 ° C CD O oo 95 0 C granules alone (control) 71% 57% Sepiolite + granule 95% 88 % 34% 53% Vitamin-mineral premix, without choline chloride + granule 93% 80% 32% 40% 42 DK 2013 00010 U1
Table 11 | PVA Formulation Examples Granules Premix Percent retained activity after pelleting relative to mash Percent increase in retained activity relative to control granule Vitamin mineral premix, with choline chloride + granule 98% 85% 39% [48% Table 12 GA formulation granules Pre-mixing Percent retained activity , relative to mash Percentage increase in retained activity over control granules CO ooo CO CJi o O CO 0 O 0 CD 01 O 0 granules alone (control) 92% 81% | Sepiolite + granule 99% 88% 00 vP σ 'CD Vitam in-m ineral premix, without choline chloride + granule 100% 81% nP 0' O vO σ '00 Vitam in-m ineral premix, with choline chloride + granule 97% 80% 5% j -2%
Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the clay and the vitamin-mineral premix have a capacity to absorb water and during storage with 5 stable granules they absorb the remaining moisture from the granules. To illustrate this, Table 13 shows the results of an experiment in which granules and sepiolite are stored in open containers, placed side by side, in a closed chamber. The water activity of the granules, and sepiolite, was measured before and after 7 days of storage at 25 ° C. During storage, sepiolite absorbed water from the granules until the system reached a state of equilibrium. After storage 10, the granules show a decrease in water activity, while sepiolite shows an increase in water activity.
Table 13 Initial water activity Water activity after 7 days of storage together Sepiolite J granule Sepiolite granule Formulation GA granule 0.312 jo, 558 0.359 0.373 Formulation PVA granule 0.312 | θ, 516 0.354 0.365 43 DK 2013 00010 U1
Example 7: STORAGE STABILITY WITH CHOLINCHLORIDE
Choline chloride, or N- (2-hydroxyethyl) trimethylammonium chloride, is an important feed additive, a vitamin nutrient in poultry, swine and other feed.
5 Choline chloride is a reactive molecule and has a well-known destructive effect on other vitamins and enzymes. Choline chloride is often included in premixtures and base mixtures. Maximum limit values used in premixtures are 74,800 mg / kg for pigs and 150,000 mg / kg for poultry. And typical levels for pig base mixtures are about 966 to 1282.9 mg / kg.
10
The stable, durable granules of the present invention were found to retain enzyme activity upon storage in the presence of choline chloride. Phytase granules prepared from either PVA or gum arabic formulations and a moisturizing moisturizing material were mixed with a standard chickens vitamin mineral premix, with and without choline chloride. The mixing ratio was 100 grams of granules added to 500 grams of vitamin-mineral premix. Samples were stored in sealed containers at 35 ° C for 3 weeks and then analyzed for activity using the phytase assay requirement described above. Control for the experiment were granules that were not stored in a premix and kept at 35 ° C for 3 weeks. Tables 14 20 and 15 show the measured activity of the mixtures before and after storage, and the percentage change in activity. None of the samples exhibited a significant loss of activity after storage. Errors in this analysis, including errors in sampling, extraction, and activity assay are about 15%.
Table 14 PVA Granule formulation Sample Initial activity (RTD / g) Activity after storage for 3 weeks at 35 ° C (RTD / g) percentage change in activity only granules (control) 11,600 11,858 2% granules + vitamin-mineral premix without choline chloride 1,933 1.727 -12% granules + vitamin-mineral premix with choline chloride 1.933 1.720 -12% Table 15 GA Granule formulation Sample Initial activity (RTD / g) Activity after storage for 3 weeks at 35 ° C (RTD / g) percentage change in activity only granules (control) 10,373 10,528 1% granules + vitamin-mineral 1,729 1,543 -12% 44 DK 2013 00010 U1
Table 14 PVA Granule Formulation Sample Initial Activity (RTD / g) Activity after storage for 3 weeks at 35 ° C (RTD / g) percent change in activity premix without choline chloride granules + vitamin-mineral premix with choline chloride 1.729 1.622 -7%
EXAMPLE 8: WATER ACTIVITY EFFECT ON PELLETING TABILITY
Phytase granules were prepared according to a formulation with a PVA coating 5 and / or an inorganic brine coating, in a fluid bed process, as described above. An additional drying step can be used if the water activity of the granule is higher than 0.5 after processing, so that the granule can be dried in a fluid bed coating apparatus or other suitable process until a water activity of <0.5 is achieved. The results are shown in Table 16 and show that retained activity after pelleting is improved when water activity is less than 0.5.
Table 16 PVA Granule Formulation [Granule Water Activity Percent retained activity after pelletizing relative to mash Percent increase in retained activity relative to control granule 90 ° C CD Ol o O 90 ° C CD Ol oo A (control) 0.57 81% 69 % B 0.41 98% 87% 21% 26% C 0.49 110% 97% 36% 41%
Embodiments: A granule for feed compositions comprising: a core; an active substance; and at least one coating wherein the active substance in the granule retains at least 50% activity, at least 60% activity, at least 70% activity, at least 80% activity according to conditions selected from one or more of a) a feed pelleting process, b) a (c) storage; (d) storage as an ingredient in an unpelleted blend; , which results in an acidic or a basic feed-base or feed premix.
The granule of Embodiment 1, wherein the at least one coating comprises a moisture-hydrating material constituting at least 55% w / w of the granule.
The granule of embodiment 1, wherein the at least one coating comprises two coatings.
The granule of embodiment 3, wherein the two coatings are a moisture hydrating coating and a moisture barrier coating.
The granule of embodiment 4, wherein the moisture hydrating coating is between 25% and 60% w / w of the granule and the moisture barrier coating is between 2% and 15% w / w of the granule.
The granule of embodiment 5, wherein the moisture hydrating coating is selected from inorganic salts, sucrose, starch, and maltodextrin and the moisture barrier coating is selected from polymers, gums, whey and starch.
The granule of embodiment 1, wherein the active substance is one or more enzymes.
The granule of Embodiment 1, wherein the feed pelleting process and the feed pretreatment process are carried out between 70 ° C and 95 ° C for up to several minutes.
The granule of embodiment 1, wherein the feed pelletizing process and the feed pretreatment process are carried out at between 85 ° C and 95 ° C.
The granule of embodiment 1, wherein the unpelleted mixture is a diluent selected from one or more of the clays, wheat fodder or rice bran.
The granule of embodiment 1, wherein the feed base mixture or feed premix comprises choline chloride and the active substance is at least one enzyme which retains at least 80% activity upon storage in the feed base mixture or feed premix.
46 DK 2013 00010 U1 12. An animal feed comprising the granule according to embodiment 1.
The animal feed according to embodiment 12 selected from an animal feed diluent, an animal feed base mixture, an animal feed premix, mash and an animal feed pellet.
An animal feed granule comprising: a core; an active substance wherein the active substance in the granule retains at least 80% activity after storage and after a steam-heated pelleting process, wherein the granule is an ingredient; a moisture barrier coating, and a moisture hydrating coating that is at least 25% w / w of the granule, the granule having a water activity of less than 0.5 prior to the steam heated pelletizing process.
The granule of embodiment 14, wherein the moisture barrier coating is selected from polymers and gums and the moisture hydrating material is an inorganic salt.
The granule of embodiment 14, wherein the moisture-hydrating coating is between 25% and 45% w / w of the granule and the moisture barrier coating is between 2% and 10% w / w of the granule.
The granule of embodiment 14, wherein said active substance is one or more enzymes.
The granule of embodiment 14, wherein the steam heated pelletizing process is carried out at between 85 ° C and 95 ° C for up to several minutes.
The granule of embodiment 14, wherein at least 80% activity is retained after storage of the granule in an unpelleted mixture comprising at least one compound selected from trace minerals, organic acids, reducing sugars, vitamins, choline chloride, and compounds resulting in an acidic or a basic unpelleted mixture.
An animal feed comprising the granule of embodiment 14.
The animal feed according to embodiment 20 selected from an animal feed diluent, an animal feed base mixture, an animal feed mix, an animal feed mix, and an animal feed pellet.
An animal feed ingredient comprising: 47 DK 2013 00010 U1 a granule comprising a core, an active substance surrounding the core, and at least one coating surrounding the active substance, wherein the active substance retains at least 50% activity, at least 60% activity, at least 70% activity , at least 80% activity under conditions selected from one or more of a) a feed pelletizing process, b) a steam-heated feed pretreatment process, c) storage, d) storage as an ingredient in an unpelleted mixture, and e) storage as an ingredient in a feed base mixture or a feed premix comprising at least one compound selected from trace minerals, organic acids, reducing sugars, vitamins, choline chloride, and compounds which result in an acidic or basic feed base or feed premix.
An animal feeding ingredient according to embodiment 22, wherein the at least one coating comprises two coatings.
The animal feeding ingredient of embodiment 23, wherein the two coatings are a moisture hydration coating and a moisture barrier coating.
An animal feeding ingredient according to embodiment 24, wherein the moisture-hydrating coating comprises a material selected from inorganic salts, carbohydrates, maltodextrin and starch and the moisture barrier coating comprises a material selected from polymers, proteins, lipids, fats, oils, fatty acids, gums, starches, lecithin and wax. .
An animal feeding ingredient according to embodiment 22, wherein the core and the active substance together comprise at least 50% w / w of the granule.
An animal feed ingredient according to embodiment 22, wherein the core and the active substance together comprise about 50% to about 60% w / w of the granule.
An animal feeding ingredient according to embodiment 22, wherein the core and the active substance comprise about 90% to about 100% w / w of the granule and the active substance is an enzyme with inherent thermostability.
An animal feeding ingredient according to embodiment 22, wherein the active substance is thermolabile.
An animal feeding ingredient according to embodiment 22, further comprising a feed composition wherein the granule is dispersed in the feed composition.
An animal feed ingredient according to embodiment 30, wherein the feed composition is a feed pellet wherein the active substance is dispersed in the feed pellet with a retained activity of at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, and at least 90% of a pelleting activity.
An animal feed ingredient according to embodiment 30, wherein the feed composition is selected from clay, essential nutrients, grains, wheat, rye, rice and mixtures thereof.
A process for preparing a granule comprising an active ingredient for feeding, comprising: producing stable granules with cores, at least one active substance and at least one coating, mixing the stable granules with one or more several of a) a diluent, b) a base mixture, c) a premix, and d) a feed mixture for pelleting.
The method of Embodiment 33, further comprising the pelletizing step of the feed mixture for pelletizing at a temperature of 70 ° C to 95 ° C for up to several minutes.
The method of embodiment 33, wherein stable granules are mixed with clay.
The process of embodiment 33, wherein stable granules are mixed with a premix comprising choline chloride.
37. An animal feed composition prepared by the method of embodiment 33.
A method of preparing a stable granule comprising enzyme for storage in a feed premix containing choline chloride, comprising: providing a core material and enzyme wherein the enzyme is distributed throughout the core material or stored on the core material; applying a moisture-hydrating material to the core material and enzyme to form a layer that is at least 25% w / w of the stable granule; coating the layer with a moisture barrier material to form a coating that is at least 5% w / w of the granule, wherein application and coating are selected under conditions such that a water activity for the stable granule is less than 0.5.
39. The process of embodiment 38, wherein the moisture-hydrating material is an inorganic salt and the layer is about 35% to about 45% w / w of the stable granule.
The method of embodiment 38, wherein the coating is selected from polymers and gums.

权利要求:
Claims (16)
[1]
An animal feed granule comprising: a core; an active substance; and at least one coating; wherein the granule comprises a moisture hydrating material which is at least 25% w / w of the granule and wherein the water activity of the granule is below 0.5.
[2]
The granule of claim 1, wherein the moisture-hydrating material is an inorganic salt.
[3]
The granule of claim 2, wherein the moisture-hydrating material is sodium sulfate.
[4]
The granule of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the moisture-hydrating material comprises at least 55% w / w of the granule.
[5]
The granule of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the at least one coating is a moisture hydrating coating.
[6]
The granule of claim 5 wherein the moisture-hydrating coating is between 25% and 60% w / w of the granule.
[7]
The granule of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the at least one coating is a moisture barrier coating.
[8]
The granule of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the granule further comprises a moisture barrier material.
[9]
The granule of claim 7, wherein the moisture barrier is between 2% and 10% w / w of the granule.
[10]
The granule of claim 1, wherein the active substance is one or more enzymes.
[11]
The granule of claim 10, wherein the active substance is a Citrobacter phytase.
[12]
The granule of claim 1, wherein the active ingredient in the granule retains at least 80% activity after a steam-heated pelletizing process carried out at between 85 ° C and 95 ° C for up to several minutes, wherein the granulate is an ingredient.
[13]
The granule of claim 1, wherein the granule is admixed with a premix comprising choline chloride.
[14]
An animal feed comprising the granule according to any one of the preceding claims. DK 2013 00010 U1
[15]
The animal feed according to claim 14 selected from a feed diluent, a feed base mix, a feed mix, a feed mix, and a feed pellet.
[16]
A water vapor-treated, pelleted feed composition comprising granules according to any one of claims 1-13.

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同族专利:

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公开号 | 公开日

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CA2625557C|2014-08-12|

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BRPI0617342A2|2011-07-26|

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KR20080059198A|2008-06-26|

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JP5292097B2|2013-09-18|

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CN102599327A|2012-07-25|

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AU2006299824B2|2012-10-25|

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EP1940241B1|2012-08-15|

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CN101287381B|2012-03-21|

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EP2497377A3|2013-09-04|

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HK1174209A1|2013-06-07|

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EP2497376A3|2013-01-02|

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EP2497372A3|2013-04-17|

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ES2443018T1|2014-02-17|

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WO2007044968A3|2007-06-07|

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DK1940241T3|2012-09-24|

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MY148594A|2013-05-15|

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DE12159258T1|2014-02-20|

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MX354218B|2018-02-19|

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AU2006299824A1|2007-04-19|

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JP2009511068A|2009-03-19|

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RU2415602C2|2011-04-10|

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EP2497370A3|2013-11-20|

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EP2497376A2|2012-09-12|

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JP6196026B2|2017-09-13|

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DE202006021153U1|2013-02-22|

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EP2497378A2|2012-09-12|

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ES2443019T1|2014-02-17|

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US20130115297A1|2013-05-09|

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EP2497373A2|2012-09-12|

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ZA200803025B|2010-07-28|

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EP2497377A2|2012-09-12|

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EP2497379A2|2012-09-12|

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EP2497374A3|2013-11-27|

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EP2497375A2|2012-09-12|

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WO2007044968A2|2007-04-19|

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US20100124586A1|2010-05-20|

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EP2497379A3|2013-08-28|

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EP2497371A2|2012-09-12|

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MY161449A|2017-04-14|

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DE12159269T1|2014-02-13|

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DE202006021148U1|2013-02-11|

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EP2497372B1|2016-06-08|

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CN101287381A|2008-10-15|

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JP2013013418A|2013-01-24|

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EP2497373A3|2013-11-20|

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EG25772A|2012-07-10|

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EP2497371A3|2013-11-20|

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WO2021233937A1|2020-05-18|2021-11-25|Dsm Ip Assets B.V.|Animal feed compositions|

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WO2021233936A1|2020-05-18|2021-11-25|Dsm Ip Assets B.V.|Animal feed compositions|

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KR102309217B1|2020-10-26|2021-10-07|주식회사 진프라텔로|Manufacturing method of homemade snacks for functional companion animals with added brown rice|

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CN113786389B|2021-11-15|2022-03-01|北京挑战农业科技有限公司|Hot-melt coating method of granular enzyme preparation and application thereof|

法律状态:
2015-05-08| UHB| Application (utility model) shelved due to non-payment|Effective date: 20150423 |

优先权:

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申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题

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US72649405P| true| 2005-10-12|2005-10-12|

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EP12159258.8A|EP2497372B1|2005-10-12|2006-10-12|Stable, durable granules with active agents|

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